形容词从句是英语语法中一种重要的从句结构,它通过关系词(如that, which, who, whom, whose等)修饰名词或代词,起到补充说明、限定或描述的作用,掌握形容词从句的用法,不仅能提升写作的准确性和丰富性,还能让句子结构更加紧凑、逻辑更加清晰,本文将从形容词从句的定义、分类、功能及常见错误等方面进行详细解析,并通过实例和表格帮助读者更好地理解和应用这一语法点。

形容词从句的定义与作用
形容词从句,又称定语从句,是由关系词引导的从句,在句子中充当定语,修饰主句中的名词或代词,它的核心作用是对被修饰词进行进一步的说明,使信息更加具体。
- The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.
(我昨天买的那本书很有趣。)
这里的“that I bought yesterday”就是形容词从句,修饰“book”,明确了是“哪一本书”。
形容词从句的分类
根据关系词的功能和从句的限定性,形容词从句可分为两类:限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句对被修饰词起限定作用,缺少它会导致句意不明确,关系词通常省略时需谨慎,且前后无逗号分隔。
- The students who passed the exam were rewarded.
(通过考试的学生受到了奖励。)
若省略“who”,句意仍完整,但“who”在此处不可省略,因为它指代“students”并限定范围。
非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句仅提供附加信息,去掉后主句意思仍完整,关系词不可省略,且前后需用逗号隔开。
- My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor.
(我哥哥住在伦敦,他是一名医生。)
即使去掉从句,主句“我哥哥是一名医生”依然成立。
关系词的选择与用法
关系词的选择取决于其在从句中充当的成分(主语、宾语、定语等)以及被修饰词的类别(人、物、时间等),以下是常见关系词的用法总结:
| 关系词 | 修饰对象 | 在从句中成分 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| who/that | 人 | 主语 | The girl who/that is singing is my sister. |
| whom/that/who | 人 | 宾语 | The man whom/that/who you met is our teacher. |
| which/that | 物 | 主语/宾语 | The book which/that I lost is expensive. |
| whose | 人/物 | 定语 | The student whose grades are high won a scholarship. |
| where | 地点 | 地点状语 | This is the house where I was born. |
| when | 时间 | 时间状语 | I still remember the day when we first met. |
注意事项:
- 关系词在从句中作宾语时,可省略(限定性从句中)。
- “介词+关系词”结构中,关系词不可用“that”。
The pen with which I write is a gift.(我用这支笔写字,它是个礼物。)
形容词从句的功能与写作技巧
合并简单句,避免重复
通过形容词从句,可以将多个简单句合并为复杂句,使行文更流畅。
- 原句:She is a doctor. She works in a hospital.
- 合并:She is a doctor who works in a hospital.
增强细节描写
形容词从句能有效补充信息,使描述更生动。
- The movie which was released last year became a blockbuster.
(去年上映的那部电影成了大片。)
避免冗长,保持简洁
虽然形容词从句能丰富句子,但过度使用会导致句子冗长,建议根据语境合理控制从句长度。
常见错误与解决方案
关系词误用
- 错误:The book which I bought it yesterday is interesting.
- 正确:The book that/which I bought yesterday is interesting.
(“that/which”在从句中作宾语,无需“it”。)
非限定性从句缺少逗号
- 错误:My father who is a teacher loves reading.
- 正确:My father, who is a teacher, loves reading.
(非限定性从句需用逗号隔开,且“who”不可省略。)
关系词指代不明
- 错误:He gave me a book which cover is blue.
- 正确:He gave me a book whose cover is blue.
(“whose”表示“……的”,需用于所有格关系。)
形容词从句的进阶应用
在学术写作或正式文体中,形容词从句常用于构建严谨的逻辑关系。
- The research, which was conducted by a team of experts, has been published in a journal.
(这项研究由专家团队进行,已发表在期刊上。)
通过使用“as”引导的定语从句,可以表达“正如……”的含义:
- As is known to all, practice makes perfect.
(众所周知,熟能生巧。)
FAQs
形容词从句和副词从句有什么区别?
答:形容词从句修饰名词或代词,起定语作用;副词从句修饰动词、形容词或整个主句,起状语作用,表示时间、原因、条件等。
- 形容词从句:The man who is standing there is my uncle.(修饰“man”)
- 副词从句:I will call you when I arrive.(修饰“call”,表示时间)
如何判断关系词在从句中充当的成分?
答:可通过分析从句的主谓结构判断。
- The story that he told me is true.
从句“he told me”中,“he”是主语,“told”是谓语,“me”是宾语,that”作宾语,可省略。 - The story that is interesting was written by him.
从句“that is interesting”中,“that”是主语,“is”是谓语,不可省略。
的学习,相信读者已对形容词从句有了更深入的理解,在实际写作中,多加练习并注意常见错误,便能灵活运用这一语法工具,提升文章的表达能力。
