剑桥雅思写作Task 1中的饼图(Pie Chart)是数据描述类题型的重要组成部分,主要考察考生对数据特征的提取、分类比较以及清晰表达能力,这类题目通常展示某一整体在不同类别中的占比分布,要求考生通过文字还原图表信息,并突出关键数据及趋势,以下从题型特点、解题步骤、常用表达及注意事项四个方面展开详细解析。

题型特点与核心要素
饼图的核心在于“占比关系”,其呈现形式多为一个或多个圆形,每个扇形代表整体中的一个类别,扇形大小与该类别的占比成正比,常见考点包括:
- 单一饼图:展示某一时间点的数据分布,需重点描述最大/最小类别及特殊占比(如超过50%的类别)。
- 多个饼图:对比不同时间、群体或场景下的占比变化,需结合数据差异说明趋势(如上升、下降、比例逆转)。
- 动态数据:尽管饼图本身多为静态,但多个饼图可隐含动态变化(如2010年A类占30%,2025年升至45%)。
关键要素:整体(total)、类别(categories)、百分比(percentages)、对比(comparison)。
解题步骤与实操技巧
审题:明确核心任务
- 圈定时间、对象及单位:Below show the proportion of energy production from different sources in a country in 1985 and 2005”,需注意时间对比(1985 vs 2005)及对象(energy production)。
- 识别类别数量:若类别超过5个,需合并次要类别(如“other”占比可统一描述),避免细节堆砌。
观察数据:提取核心信息
- 排序与筛选:将各类别占比从高到低排序,标记最高、最低及显著变化的类别(如石油从40%降至25%)。
- 计算差值与倍数:对比多饼图时,计算关键类别的差值(如煤炭占比差15%)或倍数关系(如天然气产量翻倍)。
示例数据表(以“能源生产占比”为例):
| 能源类型 | 1985年占比 | 2005年占比 | 变化趋势 |
|------------|------------|------------|----------------|
| 石油 | 40% | 25% | 下降15个百分点 |
| 煤炭 | 35% | 20% | 下降15个百分点 |
| 核能 | 15% | 30% | 上升15个百分点 |
| 天然气 | 5% | 15% | 上升10个百分点 |
| 其他 | 5% | 10% | 上升5个百分点 |
结构布局:逻辑清晰
标准结构:
- 开头段:改写题目,概括图表核心信息(时间、对象、整体)。
示例:“The pie charts illustrate the changes in the proportion of energy produced from four different sources in a country over a 20-year period from 1985 to 2005.” - 主体段:分段描述数据,每段聚焦1-2个核心类别或对比关系。
- 单一饼图:按占比大小依次描述,突出最大/最小值。
- 多饼图:按类别对比(如“石油和煤炭占比均显著下降”),或按趋势分组(如“传统能源占比下降,新能源占比上升”)。
- 结尾段:总结核心趋势(无需重复数据),Overall, there was a significant shift from fossil fuels to nuclear and natural gas energy production during this period.”
语言表达:准确多样
- 数据引入:避免重复使用“accounted for”,可替换为“comprised”, “made up”, “constituted”, “represented”等。
- 对比词汇:
- 上升/增长:increase, rise, grow, surge, climb
- 下降/减少:decrease, decline, drop, fall, plummet
- 占比接近:similar proportion, nearly the same percentage
- 占比悬殊:vastly different, a significant gap
- 倍数与差值:
- “石油占比从40%降至25%,减少了15个百分点”(The proportion of oil decreased by 15 percentage points from 40% to 25%.)
- “核能占比翻倍,从15%增至30%”(The percentage of nuclear energy doubled, rising from 15% to 30%.)
常见问题与注意事项
数据描述陷阱
- “百分比”与“百分点”混淆:百分比(percent)指比例,百分点(percentage points)指差值,从50%到60%是上升10个百分点,而非上升10%”。
- 忽略“合计100%”:饼图各类别占比总和应为100%,若题目给出数据总和不足100%,需说明“剩余部分为未分类数据”(如“the remaining 5% was unclassified”)。
写作逻辑误区
- 无意义堆砌数据:避免逐项描述所有类别,应合并同类项(如“石油和煤炭作为传统能源,合计占比从75%降至45%”)。
- 过度推断:仅基于图表数据描述,不添加主观猜测(如“未来核能可能成为主要能源”)。
时间管理与字数控制
- 雅思Task 1建议字数150-180词,若题目要求1365词(可能为笔误),需扩展分析(如增加数据背后的原因推测,但需标注“possible reasons”)。
范文片段示范(以“能源生产占比”为例)
开头段:
The two pie charts compare the proportions of energy generated from four sources—oil, coal, nuclear energy, and natural gas—in a country for the years 1985 and 2005. Overall, fossil fuels (oil and coal) dominated energy production in 1985, but their share declined substantially over the two decades, with nuclear energy and natural gas emerging as major alternatives.
主体段(对比趋势):
In 1985, oil was the primary energy source, accounting for 40% of the total production, followed by coal at 35%. Together, these two fossil fuels constituted three-quarters of the energy supply. In contrast, nuclear energy and natural gas contributed only 15% and 5% respectively, indicating a heavy reliance on non-renewable resources.
By 2005, the energy mix had undergone significant changes. The proportion of oil and coal plummeted by 15 percentage points each, to 25% and 20% respectively. This decline was offset by a dramatic rise in nuclear energy, which doubled its share to 30%, becoming the largest energy source. Natural gas also experienced substantial growth, increasing from 5% to 15%, making it the third most significant contributor.
结尾段:
In summary, the period witnessed a clear transition from fossil fuels to cleaner energy sources, with nuclear energy surpassing oil and coal to become the dominant producer by 2005.
FAQs
Q1: 饼图题目中若出现“others”类别,是否需要重点描述?
A1: 无需过度强调“others”类别,除非其占比异常突出(如超过20%),通常可一句话概括,the remaining 10% was composed of other minor sources”,避免占用过多篇幅。
Q2: 多个饼图对比时,是否需要计算每个类别的具体差值?
A2: 不必计算所有差值,优先选择变化显著(如超过10个百分点)或影响整体趋势的类别进行对比,若A类从30%升至50%,B类从40%降至20%,可描述为“the proportion of A increased by 20 percentage points, while that of B decreased by the same amount, leading to a reversal of their rankings”。
