下面我将为你提供一份超详细的雅思功能图写作指南,包括核心结构、必备词汇、高分技巧和一篇范文解析。

功能图是什么？

功能图主要描述一个物品如何被制造（如制作巧克力、回收玻璃瓶）或一个过程如何运作（如水循环、候鸟迁徙），它由一系列的方框、箭头和一些文字说明组成。

核心写作结构（万能模板）

功能图的结构非常固定,遵循“总-分-总”的原则，通常分为三段。

第一段：引言 - 开门见山，描述图表

• 任务：用一两句话概括图表的内容，告诉考官你看到了什么。
• 句式：
  • The diagram illustrates the process of [图表描述的名称]. (这个图表描述了……的过程。)
  • The flowchart shows the various stages in the production/recycling of [物品名称]. (这个流程图展示了……的生产/回收的各个阶段。)
  • This illustration outlines how [某个过程] works. (这个图概述了……是如何运作的。)

注意：不要猜测！不要写 This diagram shows how chocolate is made by machines. (不要写“这个图展示了巧克力是如何由机器制造的”)，你只需要客观描述图表内容即可。

第二段：主体 - 按顺序描述过程

这是作文的核心,也是评分的重点，关键在于“顺序”和“逻辑连接”。

• 任务：按照流程图中的箭头方向，清晰地描述每一步发生了什么。
• 方法：
  1. 找到起点：从第一个步骤开始描述。
  2. 使用连接词：用连接词把各个步骤串联起来，使文章流畅。
  3. 使用被动语态：在描述制作过程时，被动语态非常常用，因为动作的执行者（如工人、机器）通常不重要。The beans are heated (豆子被加热) 比 Workers heat the beans (工人加热豆子) 更客观。
  4. 注意细节：描述图表中的关键动作，如 mix, pour, heat, cool, collect, transform 等。

第三段：- 简要归纳

• 任务：用一两句话对整个过程进行总结，或者指出其最终目的。
• 句式：
  • Overall, the process consists of [数量] main stages, beginning with [起点] and ending with [终点]. (这个过程包含[数量]个主要阶段，始于[起点]，终于[终点]。)
  • Overall, it is clear that [物品名称] is produced through a series of well-defined stages. (很明显，[物品名称]是通过一系列明确定义的阶段生产出来的。)
  • In conclusion, this entire process demonstrates how [简单概括最终目的]. (整个过程展示了[简单概括最终目的]。)

必备词汇和句型

常见动词

顺序连接词

• 表示顺序：

  • First(ly), / Second(ly), / Third(ly), (其次，第三)
  • To begin with, / To start with, (
  • Then, / Next, / After that, (接下来，在那之后)
  • Subsequently, / Following this, (随后，
  • Finally, / Last but not least, / The final step is... (最后但同样重要的是，最后一步是……)

• 表示结果或下一步：

  • As a result, / As a consequence, (
  • This results in... (这导致了……)
  • Consequently, (

• 表示并列：

  • At the same time, / Simultaneously, (
  • ...and... (……和……)

描述过程的句型

• 被动语态：

  • [被动的物品] + is/are + 动词过去分词 + (by...).
  • The beans are heated. (豆子被加热。)
  • Water is poured into the container. (水被倒入容器。)

• 主动语态：

  • [执行者] + 动词(s/es) + [被动的物品].
  • Workers collect the beans. (工人们收集豆子。)
  • The machine grinds the beans. (机器研磨豆子。)

• 描述变化：

  • A is transformed into B. (A被转化成B。)
  • The solid material becomes a liquid. (固体材料变成了液体。)
  • The beans change color and become darker. (豆子改变了颜色，变得更深。)

高分技巧

1. 时态统一：功能图描述的是一个客观的、通常发生在现在的过程，所以主要使用一般现在时。
2. 逻辑清晰：严格按照流程图的顺序写，不要跳跃，如果流程图有分支（A有两种处理方式），一定要分别描述清楚。
3. 避免细节缺失：确保图表中提到的所有关键步骤和元素都提到了，不要遗漏重要信息。
4. 词汇多样：不要反复使用同一个词，描述“可以用 Then, Next, After that, Subsequently 等进行替换。
5. 字数控制：小作文要求150字以上，功能图通常写到180-200字即可，写太多反而可能出错。

范文解析（以“制作巧克力”为例）

** The diagram below shows how chocolate is produced. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

范文

The diagram illustrates the process of chocolate production, from the initial harvesting of cocoa beans to the final packaging of the product.

Overall, the process consists of 10 main stages, beginning with the harvesting of cocoa pods and culminating in the wrapping of finished chocolate bars.

Initially, cocoa beans are harvested from the cacao trees. Following this, the beans are fermented for several days to develop their flavor. Subsequently, the fermented beans are spread out on large trays to dry under the sun. Once dried, the beans are transported to the factory for further processing.

At the factory, the beans are first thoroughly cleaned to remove any impurities. They are then roasted at a high temperature to enhance their taste. After roasting, the outer shells of the beans are removed, leaving only the inner nibs. These nibs are ground into a liquid, known as chocolate liquor. The liquor is then pressed to separate the cocoa solids from the cocoa butter.

Finally, the cocoa solids and butter, along with other ingredients like sugar and milk powder, are mixed together. This mixture is refined and conched to ensure a smooth texture. The last stage involves the liquid chocolate being poured into molds and cooled. Once solidified, the chocolate bars are wrapped and packaged, ready for distribution to shops.

范文解析

• 第一段（引言）：The diagram illustrates the process of chocolate production... 直接点明了图表