下面我将为你详细拆解GMAT作文的标准格式、结构模板、写作要点和注意事项。

GMAT作文核心结构(“总-分-总”结构)
GMAT作文的本质是批判性地分析一个论证,而不是表达你自己的观点,你的文章需要围绕“原文论证的缺陷”来展开,最经典、最有效的结构是“总-分-总”结构,具体分为四个段落:
第1段:引言段
- 目标: 清晰地引出你要分析的论证,并明确提出你的中心论点——即原文论证存在逻辑缺陷,无法令人信服。
- 背景引入: 用一两句话简要概括原文的核心观点或结论。
- 指出论证缺陷: 明确指出作者为了支持其结论使用了有缺陷的推理。
- 亮出你的“武器”: 提炼出你将在下文重点分析的2-3个主要逻辑漏洞,这相当于一个“预告”,让阅卷人一目了然。
- 示例句式:
- "In this argument, the author concludes that [原文结论]. To support this claim, the author points out that [主要论据1] and [主要论据2]. However, this line of reasoning is flawed and unconvincing for several critical reasons."
- "The author's argument that [原文结论] is based on the assumption that [某个假设]. However, a careful analysis reveals that the argument suffers from three major logical fallacies: [漏洞1], [漏洞2], and [漏洞3]."
第2段:主体段一
- 目标: 深入分析第一个逻辑漏洞。
- 主题句: 清晰地指出这个漏洞是什么(“The primary flaw in the argument is that it commits a fallacy of causal oversimplification.”)。
- 分析论证: 解释为什么这是一个漏洞,作者是如何推理的?这个推理过程忽略了哪些重要的可能性或信息?
- 举例或反证: 提出一个假设性的例子或一个反面的情景来证明你的观点,这是展示你批判性思维的关键。
- 小结: 重申这个漏洞如何削弱了原文的结论。
- 示例句式:
"First and foremost, the argument rests on a questionable causal relationship between A and B. The author assumes that A causes B, but fails to consider and rule out other potential causes, such as C or D. For instance, it is possible that..."
第3段:主体段二
- 目标: 深入分析第二个逻辑漏洞。
- 结构与主体段一完全相同,只是分析的漏洞不同。
- 主题句 -> 分析论证 -> 举例/反证 -> 小结
- 常见的第二个漏洞类型:
- 样本不具代表性: "The author's conclusion is based on a survey of a small and unrepresentative sample..."
- 错误类比: "The argument draws an analogy between X and Y, but the two situations are fundamentally different in several key aspects..."
- 缺乏关键证据: "The author provides no concrete evidence to support the crucial claim that..."
第4段:结论段
- 目标: 总结全文,重申论点,并可以提出一个简单的建议来完善论证。
- 重申论点: 用不同的措辞再次强调原文论证是无效的,因为它存在你前面指出的逻辑缺陷。
- 简要总结: 不需要重复每个漏洞的细节,可以概括性地提及这些漏洞共同削弱了论证的可信度。
- 提出建设性意见(可选,但能加分): 如果原文论证的数据或证据更充分、逻辑更严谨,那么结论可能会更可信,这显示了你不仅会“批评”,还会“建设”。
- 示例句式:
"In conclusion, the author's argument is not well-reasoned. As discussed above, the flawed assumptions regarding [漏洞1] and the lack of evidence for [漏洞2] significantly undermine the validity of the conclusion. To strengthen the argument, the author would need to provide more evidence to [弥补某个漏洞] and consider alternative explanations for [某个现象]."
GMAT作文模板(可直接套用)
这是一个非常实用的模板,你可以根据自己的语言习惯稍作修改。
模板结构:
Paragraph 1: Introduction (引言段) The author concludes that [在这里填入原文的结论]. This conclusion is based on the premise that [在这里填入原文的主要论据1] and the evidence that [在这里填入原文的主要论据2]. However, the argument is logically flawed as it fails to address several key issues and makes unsubstantiated assumptions. Specifically, the argument suffers from three critical weaknesses: [在这里填入你第一个漏洞的概括,如:a hasty generalization], [在这里填入你第二个漏洞的概括,如:a false cause-and-effect relationship], and [在这里填入你第三个漏洞的概括,如:a reliance on dubious evidence].
Paragraph 2: Body Paragraph 1 (主体段一 - 分析第一个漏洞) To begin with, the argument commits a [在这里重复你的第一个漏洞概括]. The author assumes that [解释作者如何犯了此错误]. However, this assumption is unwarranted because [解释为什么这个假设是错的]. For example, [举一个反例或提出一个替代解释]. Without ruling out other possibilities, the author cannot confidently assert that [重申这个漏洞如何削弱了结论].
Paragraph 3: Body Paragraph 2 (主体段二 - 分析第二个漏洞) Furthermore, the argument is problematic due to [在这里重复你的第二个漏洞概括]. The author's claim that [引用原文相关的句子] is based on the questionable assumption that [解释作者的错误假设]. This reasoning is flawed because [解释其逻辑缺陷]. For instance, [举一个反例或提出一个替代解释]. The author would need to provide more evidence to prove that [弥补这个漏洞所需的证据], otherwise the conclusion remains unconvincing.
Paragraph 4: Conclusion (结论段) In summary, the argument presented is not persuasive due to several logical fallacies. The author's conclusion that [重申原文结论] does not hold water because of the [概括你的两个主要漏洞]. To better evaluate the issue, the author would need to [提出一个具体的改进建议,如:conduct a more comprehensive survey] and [提出另一个改进建议]. If these weaknesses were addressed, the argument's soundness would be significantly improved.
写作要点与注意事项
-
时间管理:
- 2-3分钟: 审题,找出结论、论据和假设,并确定2-3个最强的逻辑漏洞。
- 20分钟: 根据模板快速写作,确保每个主体段都充实。
- 2-3分钟: 检查语法、拼写和标点错误,确保没有跑题。
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语言风格:
- 正式、客观: 使用学术化的书面语,避免使用 "I think", "I believe", "In my opinion" 等主观性强的词语,你的角色是“逻辑分析师”,而不是“观点持有者”。
- 用词精准: 多使用表示逻辑关系的词汇,如
consequently,therefore,however,furthermore,moreover,nevertheless,on the one hand... on the other hand等。 - 句式多样: 简单句和复杂句结合使用,避免单调。
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内容核心:
- 永远不要同意或反对结论本身: 你的任务不是判断“结论对不对”,而是判断“论证过程好不好”,一个错误的结论也可能有好的论证过程(虽然罕见),反之亦然。
- 重点分析“推理”过程: 你的攻击点应该是作者如何从论据推导出结论的,而不是论据本身是否绝对真实,即使论据是真实的,推理过程也可能无效。
- “攻击”要温和但坚定: 使用
the argument is flawed,the reasoning is unsound,the author assumes without justification等中性且专业的词汇,而不是the author is stupid或this is a ridiculous argument。
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常见逻辑漏洞(你的“弹药库”):
- 因果谬误: 将相关性误认为因果性,或忽略了其他原因。
- 以偏概全: 用小样本或不具代表性的样本来推断整体。
