写作文时常见的语法错误是很多同学都会遇到的问题,掌握这些常见错误并学会如何修正,能极大地提升作文的准确性和表达力。

下面我将这些常见语法错误分为五大类,并附上错误示例、修改建议和专项练习,希望能帮助你系统地攻克它们。
第一类:主谓不一致
这是最基础也最常见的错误,句子的主语和谓语动词在“数”上必须保持一致。
忽略集体名词、书名、地名等作主语时用单数。
- 错误示例:
- The United States have a large population. (错误)
- My family are watching TV. (歧义)
- 错误分析:
The United States(美国)作为一个国家名称,是单数概念。Family(家庭)作为一个整体时,是单数;指家庭成员个体时,是复数。
- 修改建议:
- The United States has a large population. (美国人口众多。)
- My family is watching TV. (强调“全家”作为一个整体在看电视。)
- The members of my family are watching TV. (强调“家庭成员们”在看电视。)
“主谓一致”中的就近原则和意义一致原则。
- 错误示例:
- Neither you nor I am right. (错误)
- The number of students are increasing. (错误)
- 错误分析:
- 由
neither...nor...连接两个主语时,谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致,这里I是第一人称,应该用am。 The number of + 复数名词意为“……的数量”,中心词是number,是单数。
- 由
- 修改建议:
- Neither you nor I am right. (你和我都不对。)
- The number of students is increasing. (学生数量在增加。)
A number of + 复数名词(许多学生) are increasing. (学生数量在增加。) - 注意这里的区别。
第二类:时态与语态错误
时态混乱是作文中的“重灾区”,尤其是叙述过去事件时,语态(主动/被动)的误用也会让表达变得别扭。
叙述过去事件时,时态不统一。
- 错误示例:
- Yesterday I went to the park and see my friend. (错误)
- When I got home, I realized I leave my keys at school. (错误)
- 错误分析:
- 整个故事都发生在过去,所以所有动词都应该用过去时。
realize这个动作发生在got home之后,但仍在过去,应用过去时realized。leave发生在realized之前,应用过去完成时had left。
- 修改建议:
- Yesterday I went to the park and saw my friend. (昨天我去公园,看到了我的朋友。)
- When I got home, I realized I had left my keys at school. (当我到家时,我意识到我把钥匙忘在学校了。)
被动语态使用不当或遗漏。
- 错误示例:
- This book was written by him in 2010. (正确,但有时想表达主动却用了被动)
- The problem must to be solved immediately. (错误)
- 错误分析:
- 情态动词(如
must,can,should)后的被动语态结构是情态动词 + be + 过去分词,不能加to。
- 情态动词(如
- 修改建议:
- He wrote this book in 2010. (他于2010年写了这本书。) - 如果强调“他”的主动性,用主动语态更好。
- The problem must be solved immediately. (这个问题必须立刻被解决。)
第三类:句子成分残缺或多余
一个完整的句子必须有主语和谓语,成分多余会让句子显得啰嗦。
缺少主语。
- 错误示例:
- Because of the heavy rain, we were late. (错误)
- After finishing my homework, I went to bed. (错误)
- 错误分析:
Because of是介词短语,不能直接引导一个句子作状语,导致整个句子没有主语。After finishing...是一个分词短语,不能独立成句。
- 修改建议:
- Because it rained heavily, we were late. (因为下大雨了,我们迟到了。) - 用
Because引导一个原因状语从句。 - After I finished my homework, I went to bed. (我做完作业后,就去睡觉了。) - 用
After I finished...引导一个时间状语从句。
- Because it rained heavily, we were late. (因为下大雨了,我们迟到了。) - 用
句子成分多余。
- 错误示例:
- This is the most important reason why we should protect the environment. (啰嗦)
- He returned back home very late. (错误)
- 错误分析:
the reason why...中,why和the reason意思重复。return本身就有“返回”的意思,back是多余的。
- 修改建议:
- This is the most important reason we should protect the environment. (这是我们保护环境最重要的原因。)
- He returned home very late. (他回家很晚。)
第四类:代词指代不明
代词(如 he, she, it, they, this, that)必须清晰地指代它所代替的名词,否则会造成理解混乱。
指代对象不明确。
- 错误示例:
- Tom told his father that he was wrong. (错误)
- I love dogs because they are loyal. (正确,但指代不清)
- 错误分析:
he到底是指Tom还是his father?从句意上看可能是指Tom,但语法上存在歧义。they指代dogs,但为了更清晰,尤其是在复杂句中,最好明确指代。
- 修改建议:
- Tom told his father, "I was wrong." (汤姆告诉他父亲:“我错了。”)
- Tom told his father that Tom was wrong. (汤姆告诉他父亲,汤姆错了。) - 重复名词,避免歧义。
- I love dogs because dogs are loyal. (我喜欢狗,因为狗很忠诚。)
第五类:词语搭配与介词误用
中文思维和英文表达习惯不同,导致很多词语搭配和介词使用出现错误。
动词/形容词与介词的固定搭配错误。
- 错误示例:
- I agree to your plan. (错误)
- He is interested for history. (错误)
- 错误分析:
agree with sb.(同意某人),agree to (a plan/idea)(同意计划/建议),这里plan是对的,但agree with更常用,表示“同意(某人)的观点”。be interested in是固定搭配,表示“对……感兴趣”。
- 修改建议:
- I agree with you on this plan. (我同意你这个计划。)
- He is interested in history. (他对历史感兴趣。)
动词与副词的混淆。
- 错误示例:
- He speaks English very fluent. (错误)
- She is a very careful student. (正确,但副词用法错误)
- 错误分析:
fluent是形容词,不能修饰动词speaks,应用副词fluently。careful是形容词,修饰名词student是对的,但如果想修饰动词studies,则要用副词carefully。
- 修改建议:
- He speaks English very fluently. (他说英语非常流利。)
- She studies very carefully. (她学习非常认真。)
如何有效避免语法错误?
- 多读多模仿:阅读优秀的英文文章(如课本范文、英文新闻、简易读物),注意观察地道的句式结构和词语搭配。 2
