下面我将从核心原则、常见错误、高分技巧和备考建议四个方面,为你详细解析雅思作文语法。

核心原则：语法为“沟通”服务

雅思写作不是语法考试，你的目标是用准确、多样的语法结构，清晰、有逻辑地传达你的观点，语法服务于内容,而不是内容被语法束缚。

雅思写作中的常见语法错误（低分雷区）

很多考生在语法上失分，不是因为不会用高级结构，而是因为基础不牢，犯了一些低级但致命的错误,这些是你在写作中必须极力避免的。

时态错误

这是最常见的问题，很多考生全文只用一种时态（一般现在时）,或者根据中文思维随意切换时态。

• 错误示例:
  • "In the past, people are more concerned about..." (过去用现在时)
  • "The government has taken measures to solve this problem, and it shows that..." (has taken是现在完成时，shows是一般现在时，逻辑上不连贯，应改为 has shown 或 showed)
• 正确用法:
  • 描述普遍事实/真理: 用一般现在时。
    • The internet plays a crucial role in modern life.
  • 描述过去发生的事件/趋势: 用一般过去时或过去进行时。
    • The government introduced a new policy last year.
  • 描述对现在有影响的过去事件: 用现在完成时。
    • Technology has revolutionized the way we communicate.
  • 描述一个从过去持续到现在的状态或趋势: 用现在完成进行时。
    • Cities have been expanding rapidly over the past few decades.

主谓不一致

主语和谓语动词在人称和数上不匹配。

• 错误示例:
  • "The number of students are increasing." (主语 "The number" 是单数，谓语应为 is)
  • "Economic development, along with environmental protection, have become a key issue." (主语核心是 "Economic development" (单数)，谓语应为 has)
• 正确用法:
  • A number of students are... (a number of + 复数名词,谓语用复数)
  • The number of students is... (the number of + 复数名词,谓语用单数)
  • Neither Tom nor Mary is... (由 or/nor/either...or连接的复合主语,谓语动词与最靠近它的主语一致)

句子结构碎片

句子不是一个完整的独立主谓结构,而是一个短语或从句。

• 错误示例:
  • "Because of the rise of social media. People's communication habits have changed." (第一句只有状语,没有主谓)
  • "For example, using public transport can reduce traffic congestion." (这是一个动名词短语,不能独立成句)
• 正确用法:
  • Because of the rise of social media, people's communication habits have changed.
  • For example, using public transport can reduce traffic congestion, which is beneficial for the environment.

句子结构粘连

把两个或多个独立的句子用逗号连接在一起,没有使用正确的连词或标点。

• 错误示例:
  • "Traffic congestion is a serious problem in many cities, it causes a lot of air pollution." (逗号粘连)
  • "Some people argue that zoos are cruel they should be closed down." (缺少连词)
• 正确用法:
  • 用连词: Traffic congestion is a serious problem in many cities, and it causes a lot of air pollution.
  • 用分号: Traffic congestion is a serious problem in many cities; it causes a lot of air pollution.
  • 变成两个句子: Traffic congestion is a serious problem in many cities. It causes a lot of air pollution.
  • 用从句: Some people argue that zoos are cruel and should be closed down.

冠词错误

a/an/the的混用或遗漏。

• 错误示例:
  • "Education is the key to success." (泛指教育,不用the)
  • "I would like to have an information about the course." (information是不可数名词,不能用an)
  • "He is a doctor." (特指某位医生,应该用the)
• 正确用法:
  • 泛指单数可数名词: a/an
    • He bought a book.
  • 特指: the
    • The book I bought yesterday is very interesting.
  • 泛指不可数名词: 不加冠词
    • Education is important.

词性混淆

将名词、动词、形容词等混用。

• 错误示例:
  • "The government should take action to solve the poor problem." (poor是形容词，不能修饰名词problem，应改为 poverty)
  • "It is necessary for students to creative." (creative是形容词,这里需要副词creatively)
• 正确用法:
  • The government should take action to solve the problem of poverty.
  • It is necessary for students to be creative / think creatively.

如何运用语法获得高分（加分技巧）

在避免错误的基础上,使用多样和复杂的语法结构是冲击7分的关键。

句式多样化

不要总是写 "主谓宾" 的简单句,要有意识地混合使用以下句式：

• 复合句: 包含两个或多个主句。
  • The government should invest more in public transport, and this will encourage more people to leave their cars at home.
• 复杂句: 包含一个主句和一个或多个从句。
  • When traffic congestion is reduced, the quality of life in urban areas will improve significantly.
  • Many people argue that zoos should be banned because they are inhumane.
• 复合-复杂句: 包含两个或多个主句，以及一个或多个从句。
  • While some people believe that technology isolates us, I think that it actually helps us to connect with others who share our interests.

从句的灵活运用

• 名词性从句: 作主语、宾语、表语或同位语。
  • 主语从句: What truly contributes to happiness is a matter of debate.
  • 宾语从句: Many people believe that hard work is the key to success.
  • 表语从句: The question is whether we can afford it.
• 定语从句: 修饰名词。
  • The city where I grew up has changed dramatically.
  • This is the best movie (that) I have ever seen.
• 状语从句: 表示时间、原因、条件、让步等。
  • 时间: *As soon as** I finish my homework, I will watch TV.
  • 原因: Since you are tired, you should get some rest.
  • 让步: Although he is rich, he is not happy.

非谓语动词的巧妙使用

非谓语动词（-ing, -ed, to do）可以让句子更简洁、高级。

• 作主语: Learning a new language can be challenging.
• 作宾语: I enjoy reading books.
• 作状语:
  • **Walking down the street, I met an old friend.* (表时间/伴随)
  • **Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful.* (表被动)
  • He worked hard to pass the exam. (表目的)

被动语态的恰当使用

当动作的执行者不重要、未知或不需点明时,使用被动语态。

• 通用: English is spoken all over the world.
• 学术/正式: It is widely believed that regular exercise is beneficial for health. (比 "People widely believe..." 更客观)
• 流程描述: First, the raw materials are collected and then are sent to the factory.

虚拟语气的正确使用

用于表达与事实相反的假设、建议、命令等