核心原则

在动笔之前,请牢记以下几个核心原则：

1. 比较是核心：描述比例不是简单罗列数字，而是要比较各个部分的大小、差异，回答 “What are the main differences?” 是关键。
2. 概括与细节结合：先写一个总起段，概述图表最主要、最显著的特征（如哪个最大/最小，主要比例分布等），在主体段中选取2-3个最显著的特征进行详细描述,不需要面面俱到。
3. 数据支撑观点：每一个比较性的结论都必须有具体的数据来支撑,没有数据的描述是空洞的。
4. 词汇多样化：避免重复使用 account for 或 make up,使用丰富的动词和形容词来体现语言水平。
5. 单位准确：时刻注意图表中的单位（%, million, billion, dollars 等）,并在描述中正确使用。

实用句型与词汇

掌握这些句型和词汇,你的描述会更加地道和专业。

A. 引入数据/表达比例

B. 比较大小与差异

这是描述比例的灵魂。

表示“最多/最少”

• A was the largest/proportion/highest segment at X%.
  • 亚洲市场是最大的份额，占45%。
  • The Asian market was the largest segment at 45%.
• A accounted for the largest proportion/percentage of... at X%.
  • 服务业占了最大比例,超过一半。
  • The service sector accounted for the largest proportion of the economy, at over 50%.
• In contrast, B was the smallest/lowest at X%.
  • 相比之下，农业是最小的，仅为5%。
  • In contrast, agriculture was the smallest at only 5%.

表示“大于/小于”

• A was significantly/largely considerably higher than B. (显著高于)
  • 城市人口比例显著高于农村。
  • The proportion of the urban population was significantly higher than that of the rural population.
• A was slightly marginally somewhat lower than B. (略微低于)
  • 今年的失业率比去年略微低了一点。
  • This year's unemployment rate was slightly lower than last year's.
• There was a significant/large/considerable difference between A and B. (A和B之间有很大差异)
  • 男女在科技领域的就业比例存在显著差异。
  • There was a significant difference in the proportion of men and women working in the tech industry.
• A more than doubled/tripled B. (A是B的两倍/三倍以上)
  • 该公司的市场份额在十年内翻了三倍。
  • The company's market share more than tripled over the decade.

表示“相似/接近”

• A and B were similar in size/proportion. (A和B大小相似)
  • 北美和欧洲的市场份额非常相似。
  • The market shares of North America and Europe were very similar in size.
• A and B accounted for roughly/similarly/nearly approximately the same proportion of... (A和B占...的比例大致相同)
  • 公共和私立学校的学生数量大致相同。
  • Public and private schools accounted for roughly the same number of students.
• The difference between A and B was minimal/negligible. (A和B的差异很小/可忽略不计)
  • 两个年龄段的比例差异微乎其微。
  • The difference in proportion between the two age groups was negligible.

不同题型中的描述策略

A. 饼图 - 描述比例的“主场”

饼图是纯粹描述比例的图表。

• 结构：
  1. 总起段：概述图表主题，并指出最大和最小的部分。
     • E.g., "The pie chart illustrates the proportion of energy sources consumed in a country in 2025. It is clear that fossil fuels were the dominant source, while renewable energy played a minor role."
  2. 主体段：
     • 描述最大部分：用一句或两句话详细描述最大的1-2个部分。
       • E.g., "The vast majority of energy, 70%, came from fossil fuels, with coal and oil constituting 45% and 25% respectively."
     • 描述其他部分：按从大到小的顺序或按类别（如可再生/不可再生）描述其他部分，使用连接词，如 In comparison, Meanwhile, By contrast。
       • E.g., "In comparison, nuclear power accounted for 15% of the total. Meanwhile, renewable sources, such as solar and wind, made up the smallest proportions, at 8% and 2% respectively."
  3. 总结段：如果信息不多，可以和主体段合并，如果信息复杂,可以简单总结一下整体分布特征。

B. 柱状图 - 静态与动态

静态柱状图 (比较不同类别的数值)

描述静态柱状图时，你的核心任务是比较不同柱子的高度,这本质上就是在比较比例或数值。

• 结构：
  1. 总起段：概述图表主题，指出最高和最低的柱子。
     • E.g., "The bar chart compares the percentage of students pursuing different fields of study in 2025 and 2025. Overall, the popularity of Business and STEM fields remained high, while Arts saw a decline."
  2. 主体段：
     • 分组描述：将相似的柱子放在一起描述，先描述所有年份中比例最高的领域,再描述最低的。
     • 对比描述：选择一个类别,描述它在不同时期或不同组别中的变化。
     • 使用比较级：higher than, lower than, almost twice as high as 等。
       • E.g., "In 2025, Business was the most popular choice, chosen by 35% of students, which was significantly higher than the 20% who selected Arts. By 2025, the proportion for Business had risen slightly to 38%, while that for Arts had fallen to 15%."
       • E.g., "Another noticeable trend is that the percentage of students in STEM fields (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) was consistently higher than that in Humanities across both years."

动态柱状图 (描述随时间变化)

动态图的重点是变化，但变化后的结果就是一个新的比例或数值,所以描述比例的句型依然适用。

• 结构：
  1. 总起段：概述图表主题，指出总体趋势（上升、下降、波动）以及最显著的变化点。
     • E.g., "The bar chart shows the changing proportion of household spending on four different items from 1990 to 2025. Overall, there was a general increase in spending on healthcare and education, whereas expenditure on food and clothing decreased."
  2. 主体段：
     • 按时间顺序：从最早的时间点开始,描述每个类别的变化。
     • **突出